Benefits of Ipamorelin and CJC-1295

Written by Johnathon Anderson, Ph.D., a research scientist specializing in regenerative medicine and serving as an Associate Professor at the University of California Davis School of Medicine (1)

What Are Ipamorelin and CJC-1295?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 are peptides that signal to the pituitary gland to make more growth hormone in the body. These growth hormone (GH) inducing peptides are derived from small proteins naturally found in the human body. These peptides balance and optimize the body’s production of GH.

Why Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 Gaining in Popularity?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 are gaining in popularity due to their ability to significantly increase growth hormone levels in the body, which increases muscle growth and contributes to fat loss. Muscle declines with age, 3%-5% per decade starting at age 30 (2,3), and low muscle mass is associated with an increase in all-cause mortality. (4) Growth hormone (GH) has been shown to be a key regulator of maintaining muscle mass. (5)

By the time we reach 35, we’ve experienced a 53% reduction in GH levels compared to their natural peak at 18 (see graph below). (6) Clinicians use IGF-1 as a proxy marker for GH because IGF-1 remains stable and is one of the critical downstream signaling factors of GH. (7)

Do Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 Contribute to Muscle Growth?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 contribute to muscle growth by increasing the production and secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. In clinical trials, men treated with GH peptides or GH had an average muscle gain of +5.8 lbs, as measured across the 8 studies referenced here, spanning over a decade of research (see graph below). (8–16)

GH is a potent inducer of IGF-1 gene expression. IGF-1 plays a critical role in skeletal muscle myotube hypertrophy via the well-studied PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, among others. (17,18)

Do Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 Contribute to Fat Loss?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 contribute to fat loss by increasing circulating levels of growth hormone, which directly impacts fat loss. Over 42% of adults in the US are obese. (19) GH has been demonstrated to increase metabolic rate and improve insulin sensitivity in certain populations. (19) One of the FDA-approved uses for GH peptides is for fat loss associated with HIV patients with lipodystrophy. (20) Across several trials, participants lost an average loss of -6.1lbs fat tissue while taking GH or GH peptides (see graph below). (10,12–14) GH peptides have been shown to reduce visceral and hepatic fat in several clinical trials. (21)

GH promotes fat loss by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase, which limits the ability of circulating triglycerides to be stored in adipose tissue. (22) GH also stimulates Hormone-Sensitive Lipase, which triggers the release of stored fat. (22)

Do Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 Improve Brain Health?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 improve brain health, by increasing the body levels of Growth hormone which has been shown to improve mood and cognition. People with low GH experience cognitive and quality of life deficits, which are often improved with GH treatment. (23,24) In one clinical trial, GH improved both cognitive executive function as well as verbal memory. (25,26) GH has also been shown to enhance mood (see graph below). (14) People commonly experience an increase in alertness, energy, and libido.(14) GH reduced depression and enhanced memory in TBI patients. (27)

Studies have shown that GH and IGF-1 both cross the blood-brain barrier and that the brain has several regions enriched with GH receptors. (28,29) GH promotes neural stem cell proliferation and migration, which is critical for brain repair. (30,31)

Do Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 Benefit Connective Tissue?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 benefit connective tissue through by increasing its strength and elasticity. Professional and recreational athletes commonly use GH peptides such as Ipamorelin and CJC-1295, despite being banned by WADA and USADA. One study demonstrated that as many as 24% of gym goers use GH or GH-inducing peptides. (32) GH increases collagen deposition in connective tissues such as ligaments, tendons, and connective tissue fascia. (33–36) GH peptides such as Ipamorelin cause the release of GH and have similar benefits.

It is also common for athletes to use GH-inducing peptides to aid in the recovery of musculoskeletal injuries, such as ligament and muscle tears, as well as tendon injuries. Supplementation with collagen peptides is often included to maximize the increase in connective tissue vitality, as this is thought to maximize GH’s effects in this regard for research subjects. (37,38)

Do GH Peptides Influence Sleep?

Studies have shown that growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) increase REM, NREM, Stage IV, and slow-wave sleep in both the young and the elderly. (39–42) The GH-inducing peptides, Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 no DAC, are optimized versions of GHRP and GHRH, respectively. Research participants commonly report waking up feeling more refreshed when taking these.

Do Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 Improve Skin?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 contribute to improvements in skin elasticity and appearance due to increased collagen synthesis, with some reports of the providing a degree of anti-aging benefits. These benefits are due to how Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 increase growth hormone and it's downstream signaling mediator, IGF-1.

GH has been shown to be essential for healthy skin. (43) A clinical demonstrated that GH accelerates the healing of skin wounds by 29% (see graph below). (44) Several animal studies also demonstrate the positive effects of GH on skin wound healing. (45–48) One of the common observations of GH-peptide research subjects is an improvement in skin health. GH peptides have very similar benefits and are not steroids.

What Are the Benefits of Ipamorelin and CJC-1295?

The benefits of Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 that have been reported in scientific research papers include:

• Improved muscle mass

• A stronger cardiovascular system

• Increased sex drive

• Aid recovery and repair

• Improved immune system

• Increased bone density

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 also aid in recovery and connective tissue healing.

Why Are Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 Used Together?

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 are used together because they work synergistically together to induce significant increases in GH while only administering small dosages. This use of small dosages allows the minimization of potential side effects and cost.

Fasting Considerations for Ipamorelin and CJC-1295

Subjects must be fasted for 2-3 hours before and 2 hours after Ipamorelin + CJC-1295 injections. Otherwise, there will be too much circulating insulin which will greatly limit the release of GH from the pituitary.

Cost of Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 vs Growth Hormone

Growth hormone is challenging to manufacture, consequently it can be rather expensive to purchase. However, Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 are much less costly to manufacture with modern production-run techniques, so costs for these two peptide should generally be lower than GH.

Side Effects of Ipamorelin and CJC-1295

Potential side effects of Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 include: pain and redness at the site of injection, achy joints, carpel tunnel-like pain in wrists, GI tract issues such as bloating in the lower abdomen, and on rare occasions, an allergic reaction can develop that presents as welts at the site of injection and hives. If an allergic reaction is observed, treatment must be stopped.

Consult Healthcare Provider

Significant safety considerations and precautions for using CJC 1295 and Ipamorelin.

should be understood and acknowledged. This is essential for users to understand potential risks and how to mitigate them. More research is needed on the long-term use of Ipamorelin and CJC-1295. Consulting a healthcare professional is a critical step for ensuring the safe and appropriate use of these peptides.

References

1.          Anderson, J. LinkedIn Profile. LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/johnathonanderson/ (2024).

2.          Volpi, E., Nazemi, R. & Fujita, S. Muscle tissue changes with aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7, 405–410 (2004). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804956/

3.          Chertman, L. S., Merriam, G. R. & Kargi, A. Y. Growth Hormone in Aging. Endotext (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279163/

4.          Srikanthan, P. & Karlamangla, A. S. Muscle mass index as a predictor of longevity in older adults. American Journal of Medicine 127, 547–553 (2014). https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(14)00138-7/fulltext

5.          Velloso, C. P. Regulation of muscle mass by growth hormone and IGF-I. Br J Pharmacol 154, 557–568 (2008). https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/bjp.2008.153

6.          Zhu, H. et al. Reference ranges for serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in healthy Chinese adults. PLoS One 12, e0185561 (2017). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185561

7.          National Library of Medicine. IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) Test. MedlinePlus.gov https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/igf-1-insulin-like-growth-factor-1-test/#:~:text=This%20test%20measures%20the%20amount,growth%20of%20bones%20and%20tissues. (2024).

8.          Taaffe, D. R., Jin, I. H., Vu, T. H., Hoffman, A. R. & Marcus, R. Lack of effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) on muscle morphology and GH-insulin-like growth factor expression in resistance-trained elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81, 421–425 (1996). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/81/1/421/2649610?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

9.          Welle, S., Thornton, C., Statt, M. & Mchenry, B. Growth hormone increases muscle mass and strength but does not rejuvenate myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy subjects over 60 years old. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81, 3239–3243 (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8784075/

10.        Rudman, D. et al. Effects of Human Growth Hormone in Men over 60 Years Old. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199007053230101 323, 1–6 (1990). https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199007053230101?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

11.        Nass, R. et al. Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 149, 601–611 (2008).

12.        Giannoulis, M. G. et al. The Effects of Growth Hormone and/or Testosterone in Healthy Elderly Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91, 477–484 (2006). https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/0003-4819-149-9-200811040-00003?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org

13.        Blackman, M. R. et al. Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Administration in Healthy Aged Women and Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 288, 2282–2292 (2002). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1108358

14.        Brill, K. T. et al. Single and Combined Effects of Growth Hormone and Testosterone Administration on Measures of Body Composition, Physical Performance, Mood, Sexual Function, Bone Turnover, and Muscle Gene Expression in Healthy Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87, 5649–5657 (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12466367/

15.        Lange, K. H. W. et al. GH Administration Changes Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms in Skeletal Muscle But Does Not Augment Muscle Strength or Hypertrophy, Either Alone or Combined with Resistance Exercise Training in Healthy Elderly Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87, 513–523 (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11836279/

16.        Yarasheski, K. E., Zachwieja, J. J., Campbell, J. A. & Bier, D. M. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.2.E268 268, (1995). https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.2.E268?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org

17.        Hennebry, A. et al. IGF1 stimulates greater muscle hypertrophy in the absence of myostatin in male mice. Journal of Endocrinology 234, 187–200 (2017).

18.        Yoshida, T. & Delafontaine, P. Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Cells 2020, Vol. 9, Page 1970 9, 1970 (2020).

19.        Al-Samerria, S. & Radovick, S. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting GH and IGF-1 in the Management of Obesity: Insights from the Interplay between These Hormones and Metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023, Vol. 24, Page 9556 24, 9556 (2023). https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/234/2/JOE-17-0032.xml

20.        Generali, J. A. & Cada, D. J. Recombinant Human Growth Hormone: HIV-Related Lipodystrophy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/hpj4905-432 49, 432–434 (2014). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062715/

21.        Adrian, S. et al. The Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Analogue, Tesamorelin, Decreases Muscle Fat and Increases Muscle Area in Adults with HIV. J Frailty Aging 8, 154 (2019). https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jfa.2018.45

22.        Kopchick, J. J., Berryman, D. E., Puri, V., Lee, K. Y. & Jorgensen, J. O. L. The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2019 16:3 16, 135–146 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-019-0280-9

23.        Siemensma, E. P. C. et al. Beneficial Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment on Cognition in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Longitudinal Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97, 2307–2314 (2012). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/97/7/2307/2834113?redirectedFrom=fulltext

24.        Stephen, M. D. et al. Health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning in pediatric short stature: Comparison of growth-hormone-naïve, growth-hormone-treated, and healthy samples. Eur J Pediatr 170, 351–358 (2011). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-010-1299-z

25.        Baker, L. D. et al. Effects of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone on Cognitive Function in Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Older Adults: Results of a Controlled Trial. Arch Neurol 69, 1420–1429 (2012). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/1306261

26.        Deijen, J. B., De Boer, H. & Van Der Veen, E. A. Cognitive changes during growth hormone replacement in adult men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23, 45–55 (1998). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453097000929?via%3Dihub

27.        Maric, N. P. et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychological changes in growth hormone-deficient patients after traumatic brain injury in response to growth hormone therapy. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2010 33:11 33, 770–775 (2014). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03350340

28.        Johansson, J. O. et al. Treatment of Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Increases the Concentration of Growth Hormone in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Affects Neurotransmitters. Neuroendocrinology 61, 57–66 (1995). https://karger.com/nen/article-abstract/61/1/57/224415/Treatment-of-Growth-Hormone-Deficient-Adults-with?redirectedFrom=fulltext

29.        Lai, Z. et al. Age-related reduction of human growth hormone-binding sites in the human brain. Brain Res 621, 260–266 (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8242339/

30.        Pathipati, P. et al. Growth hormone and prolactin regulate human neural stem cell regenerative activity. Neuroscience 190, 409–427 (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21664953/

31.        Chung, J. Y., Kim, H. J. & Kim, M. The protective effect of growth hormone on Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-mutant motor neurons. BMC Neurosci 16, 1–11 (2015). https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12868-015-0140-z

32.        Siebert, D. M. & Rao, A. L. The Use and Abuse of Human Growth Hormone in Sports. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738118782688 10, 419–426 (2018). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1941738118782688

33.        Longobardi, S. et al. Growth Hormone (GH) Effects on Bone and Collagen Turnover in Healthy Adults and Its Potential as a Marker of GH Abuse in Sports: A Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85, 1505–1512 (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10770189/

34.        Nelson, A. E. et al. Pharmacodynamics of Growth Hormone Abuse Biomarkers and the Influence of Gender and Testosterone: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study in Young Recreational Athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93, 2213–2222 (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18381573/

35.        Doessing, S. et al. Growth hormone stimulates the collagen synthesis in human tendon and skeletal muscle without affecting myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol 588, 341–351 (2010). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821728/

36.        Holt, R. I. G. & Ho, K. K. Y. The Use and Abuse of Growth Hormone in Sports. Endocr Rev 40, 1163–1185 (2019).

37.        Khatri, M., Naughton, R. J., Clifford, T., Harper, L. D. & Corr, L. The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review. Amino Acids 53, 1493–1506 (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31180479/

38.        Lee, J., Bridge, J. E., Clark, D. R., Stewart, C. E. & Erskine, R. M. Collagen supplementation augments changes in patellar tendon properties in female soccer players. Front Physiol 14, 1089971 (2023). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2023.1089971/full

39.        Kerkhofs, M. et al. Sleep-promoting effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal men. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.4.E594 264, (1993). https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.4.E594?journalCode=ajpendo

40.        Perras, B., Marshall, L., Köhler, G., Born, J. & Fehm, H. L. Sleep and endocrine changes after intranasal administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone in young and aged humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24, 743–757 (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10451909/

41.        Copinschi, G. et al. Prolonged Oral Treatment with MK-677, a Novel Growth Hormone Secretagogue, Improves Sleep Quality in Man. Neuroendocrinology 66, 278–286 (1997). https://karger.com/nen/article-abstract/66/4/278/224995/Prolonged-Oral-Treatment-with-MK-677-a-Novel?redirectedFrom=fulltext

42.        Kluge, M. et al. Ghrelin alone or co-administered with GHRH or CRH increases non-REM sleep and decreases REM sleep in young males. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, 497–506 (2008). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453008000292

43.        Edmondson, S. R., Thumiger, S. P., Werther, G. A. & Wraight, C. J. Epidermal Homeostasis: The Role of the Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Systems. Endocr Rev 24, 737–764 (2003). https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article-abstract/24/6/737/2567213?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

44.        Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Accelerates Wound Healing i... : Annals of Surgery. https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/abstract/1994/07000/recombinant_human_growth_hormone_accelerates_wound.4.aspx.

45.        Jørgensen, P. H., Bang, C., Andreassen, T. T., Flyvbjerg, A. & Ørskov, H. Dose-response study of the effect of growth hormone on mechanical properties of skin graft wounds. Journal of Surgical Research 58, 295–301 (1995). https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/article/S0022-4804(85)71046-3/abstract

46.        The Effect of Topically Applied Recombinant Human Growth Hormone on Wound Healing in Pigs. Wounds 21, (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25903440/

47.        Cristóbal, L. et al. Local Growth Hormone Therapy for Pressure Ulcer Healing on a Human Skin Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 20, (2019). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6747216/

48.        Dioufa, N. et al. Acceleration of wound healing by growth hormone-releasing hormone and its agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 18611–18615 (2010). https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1013942107

49.        Krantz, E., Trimpou, P. & Landin-Wilhelmsen, K. Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment on Fractures and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100, 3251–3259 (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26312576/

50.        Landin-Wilhelmsen, K., Nilsson, A., Bosaeus, I. & Bengtsson, B. Å. Growth Hormone Increases Bone Mineral Content in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 18, 393–405 (2003). https://academic.oup.com/jbmr/article-abstract/18/3/393/7592512?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

51.        Gillberg, P., Mallmin, H., Petrén-Mallmin, M., Ljunghall, S. & Nilsson, A. G. Two Years of Treatment with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Increases Bone Mineral Density in Men with Idiopathic Osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87, 4900–4906 (2002). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/87/11/4900/2823079?redirectedFrom=fulltext

52.        Van Der Sluis, I. M. et al. Long-Term Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy on Bone Mineral Density, Body Composition, and Serum Lipid Levels in Growth Hormone Deficient Children: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study. Horm Res 58, 207–214 (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401939/

53.        Xue, P., Wang, Y., Yang, J. & Li, Y. Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in growth hormone deficient adults: A meta-analysis. Int J Endocrinol 2013, (2013). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652209/

54.        Olney, R. C. Regulation of bone mass by growth hormone. Med Pediatr Oncol 41, 228–234 (2003). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mpo.10342

55.        Giustina, A., Mazziotti, G. & Canalis, E. Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and the Skeleton. Endocr Rev 29, 535 (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436706/

56.        Genth-Zotz, S. et al. Recombinant Growth Hormone Therapy in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 99, 18–21 (1999). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.cir.99.1.18?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

57.        Osterziel, K. J. et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 351, 1233–1237 (1998). https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)11329-0/abstract

58.        Erafino, S. et al. A Preliminary Study of Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199603283341301 334, 809–814 (1996). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199603283341301

59.        Amirpour, A. et al. The Effect of 3-Month Growth Hormone Administration and 12-Month Follow-Up Duration among Heart Failure Patients Four Weeks after Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. Cardiovasc Ther 2021, (2021). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2021/2680107

60.        Colao, A. et al. Growth Hormone Treatment on Atherosclerosis: Results of a 5-Year Open, Prospective, Controlled Study in Male Patients with Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93, 3416–3424 (2008). https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/93/9/3416/2596763?redirectedFrom=fulltext

61.        Maison, P. & Chanson, P. Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency. Circulation 108, 2648–2652 (2003). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.0000100720.01867.1D?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

62.        Caicedo, D., Díaz, O., Devesa, P. & Devesa, J. Growth Hormone (GH) and Cardiovascular System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018, Vol. 19, Page 290 19, 290 (2018). https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/1/290

63.        Caicedo, D., Devesa, P., Alvarez, C. V. & Devesa, J. Why Should Growth Hormone (GH) Be Considered a Promising Therapeutic Agent for Arteriogenesis? Insights from the GHAS Trial. Cells 2020, Vol. 9, Page 807 9, 807 (2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7226428/

64.        Thum, T. et al. Age-Dependent Impairment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Is Corrected by Growth Hormone Mediated Increase of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1. Circ Res 100, 434–443 (2007). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.RES.0000257912.78915.af

65.        Falutz, J. et al. Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation. AIDS 22, 1719–1728 (2008). https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/fulltext/2008/09120/long_term_safety_and_effects_of_tesamorelin,_a.6.aspx

66.        Stanley, T. L. et al. Reduction in Visceral Adiposity Is Associated With an Improved Metabolic Profile in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Tesamorelin. Clinical Infectious Diseases 54, 1642–1651 (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348954/

67.        Falutz, J. et al. Effects of Tesamorelin (TH9507), a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Analog, in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Excess Abdominal Fat: A Pooled Analysis of Two Multicenter, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trials with Safety Extension Data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95, 4291–4304 (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20554713/

68.        Broglio, F. et al. Endocrine activities of alexamorelin (Ala-His-d-2-methyl-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2), a synthetic GH secretagogue, in humans. Eur J Endocrinol 143, 419–425 (2000). https://academic.oup.com/ejendo/article-lookup/doi/10.1530/eje.0.1430419

69.        Engström, G., Lindström, P. & Sävendahl, L. Lack of Evidence for Acute Effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone on Serum Insulin and Glucose Levels in Normal and Hypophysectomized Rats. Horm Res 41, 21–26 (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8013938/

70.        Falutz, J. et al. Effects of Tesamorelin (TH9507), a Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor Analog, in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Excess Abdominal Fat: A Pooled Analysis of Two Multicenter, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trials with Safety Extension Data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95, 4291–4304 (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20554713/